Effects of the Covid-19 Measures on the Economy and the Environment

Peter Stallinga & Igor Khmelinskii September 29, 2021 Abstract The effects of the Covid-19 pandemic and governmental countermeasures are described in this work by putting it in the framework of the Energy Theory of Value. It is found that the downturn in economy is not accompanied by an equal downturn in energy consumption nor of carbon emissions. Moreover, not even the empirical fifth-power law linking the former two is any longer sustained, more so proving the state of virtualization of our economy (disconnecting it from a physical reality). It is also found that the reduction of carbon emissions had no …

CORRUPTED CLIMATE STATIONS

CORRUPTED CLIMATE STATIONS

By Anthony Watts 2022 Edition This report examines the accuracy and reliability of U.S. temperature stations from which official temperature records are reported, following up from a March 2009 study, titled “Is the U.S. Surface Temperature Record Reliable?” The original report found the ground-based system for measuring surface temperatures in the United States was biased by asphalt, machinery, and other heat-producing, heat-trapping, or heat-accentuating objects located near many official temperature stations and their sensory equipment. The new study reexamines these temperature stations and equipment to determine whether there remains flaws in the official U.S. surface temperature record. This report finds …

Henry’s Law constant for CO2 in aqueous sodium chloride solutions at 1 atm and sub-zero (Celsius) temperatures

Science Direct Elsevier, Volume 207, 20 November 2018, Pages 26-32 Download PDF Neal Bailey, Tim N. Papakyriakou, Carl Bartels, Feiyue Wang https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2018.10.003 Highlights • Henry’s Law constant for CO2 was determined in NaCl solutions at temperatures from −1 to −10 °C. • CO2 solubility in cold seawater and sea ice-brines is higher than previously estimated. • Air-sea exchange of CO2 and climate modeling need to revisit the solubility of CO2 at sub-zero temperatures. Abstract The solubility of CO2 in seawater is known to increase at colder temperatures, but few studies have examined the CO2 solubility in seawater and in sea-ice brines …

Revised estimates of ocean-atmosphere CO2 flux are consistent with ocean carbon inventory

Revised estimates of ocean-atmosphere CO2 flux are consistent with ocean carbon inventory

National Library of Medicine Nat Commun. 2020; 11: 4422. Published online 2020 Sep 4. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-18203-3 PMCID: PMC7474059 PMID: 32887875 Revised estimates of ocean-atmosphere CO2 flux are consistent with ocean carbon inventory Andrew J. Watson,1 Ute Schuster,1 Jamie D. Shutler,1 Thomas Holding,1 Ian G. C. Ashton,1 Peter Landschützer,2 David K. Woolf,3 and Lonneke Goddijn-Murphy4 Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Associated Data Supplementary Materials Data Availability Statement Go to: Abstract The ocean is a sink for ~25% of the atmospheric CO2 emitted by human activities, an amount in …

On the Exchange of Carbon Dioxide between the Atmosphere and the Sea

By BERT BOLIN, University of Stockholm (Manuscript received March 3, 1960) Abstract The physical and chemical processes responsible for exchange of carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and the sea are analyzed. It is shown that the rate of transfer is considerably decreased due to the finite rate of hydration of CO2 in water. This is the case both for a smooth water surface where molecular diffusion plays a ro1e in the first few hundredths of a millimeter as well as for a rough sea where turbulence extends all the way to the surface. A general agreement is found between the …

The Temperature at the Ocean-Air Interface

Peter M. Saunders Published in the Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, May 1967 Abstract A simple theory is presented to account for the difference between the temperature at the ocean-air interface and that of the water at a depth of about one meter. Download PDF This browser does not support PDFs. Please download the PDF to view it..

Evidence of solar 11-year cycle from Sea Surface Temperature (SST)

Academia Letters, August 2021 ©2021 by the authors — Open Access — Distributed under CC BY 4.0 Corresponding Author: Daniele Mazza, mazzad50@gmail.com Citation: Mazza, D., Canuto, E. (2021). Evidence of solar 11-year cycle from Sea Surface Temperature (SST). Academia Letters, Article 3023. https://doi.org/10.20935/AL3023. Daniele Mazza, Former faculty, Politecnico di Torino Enrico Canuto, Former faculty, Politecnico di Torino The solar contribution to variation in mean temperatures of the earth during the past has been long debated. The reason for this is evident: a direct sun’s influence on global climate parameters would undoubtedly confirm the primary role of the sun in driving …

Henry’s law, surface tension, and surface adsorption in dilute binary mixtures

Akira Onuki ∗ Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan (Dated: February 7, 2009) Equilibrium properties of dilute binary fluid mixtures are studied in two-phase states on the basis of a Helmholtz free energy including the gradient free energy. The solute partitioning between gas and liquid (Henry’s law) and the surface tension change ∆γ are discussed. A derivation of the Gibbs law ∆γ = −T Γ is given with Γ being the surface adsorption. Calculated quantities include the derivatives dT c /dX and dp c /dX of the critical temperature and pressure with respect to the solute molar fraction …

Global Carbon Budget 2021

Abstract. Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere in a changing climate is critical to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe and synthesize data sets and methodology to quantify the five major components of the global carbon budget and their uncertainties. Fossil CO2 emissions (EFOS) are based on energy statistics and cement production data, while emissions from land-use change (ELUC), mainly deforestation, are based on land-use and land-use change data and bookkeeping models. Atmospheric CO2 …

NO EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE FOR THE SIGNIFICANT ANTHROPOGENIC CLIMATE CHANGE

NO EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE FOR THE SIGNIFICANT ANTHROPOGENIC CLIMATE CHANGE

J. KAUPPINEN AND P. MALMI Abstract. In this paper we will prove that GCM-models used in IPCC report AR5 fail to calculate the influences of the low cloud cover changes on the global temperature. That is why those models give a very small natural temperature change leaving a very large change for the contribution of the green house gases in the observed temperature. This is the reason why IPCC has to use a very large sensitivity to compensate a too small natural component. Further they have to leave out the strong negative feedback due to the clouds in order to …